one of the world�s oldest pharmacies: Officina Profumo-Farmaceutica di Santa Maria Novella, with its historic, artistic and handicraft legacy, which has thrived for centuries in uninterrupted symbiosis with the city of Florence. In its rooms, as in a jewel casket, the Officina hosts frescoes, furnishings and ancient implements of the pharmacist�s trade, alongside its products: a vast range of preparations to entice even the most demanding customer. Indeed, no one who enters the portal can ever forget the indescribable range of scents that linger in the air: this is the magic of potpourri, a sagacious mixture of flowers and herbs from the hills surrounding Florence. Its unmistakable fragrance is the fruit of lengthy seasoning in old terracotta jars. The origin of the Antica Farmacia goes back to the Dominican friars who in 1221 settled in Florence but it was officially founded in 1612 following a suggestion made by the Granduca di Toscana.

Plants that demonstrate powerful pharmacological effects must be used with expertise, otherwise they will cause considerable damage. For this reason such plants are generally feared and in due course demonized. Those who know how to use them correctly are also feared, and all too easily turned into �witches.�
Witchcraft medicine is a kind of applied pharmacology of the plants with potent activity. The powers that be have always sought to control the use of strong medicines because, among other reasons, rulers feared they might be poisoned by a skilled hand. In earlier times however, the powerful activity observed in a substance was considered to have its origins in the supernatural, magical, or even in the sorcery of witches. In other words, the potency and effectiveness of a substance were considered proof of witchcraft.
Indeed many medical treatments used during antiquity were not based on rational pharmacology, but were a combination of ritual and the use of material substances. Man already believed in archaic times that the plants only revealed their power when harvested with the proper ritual gathering method, and only when the correct accompanying words were spoken.. The ancient authors (such as Homer and, in particular, Diocles) wrote of the rhizotomoki, the root gatherers of archaic times, that they were the inventors of pharmacological medicine and that they still spoke with the plant spirits (Baumann, 1982: 15; Graf, 1996: 69). These root gatherers observed the gods sacred to the respective plant. They made use of the moon�s energy and knew the particular oath formulas for each plant. Witchcraft medicine belongs to the spiritual and cultural legacy of the rhizotomoki. When a scientific theory rationalizing the healing arts emerged with the Hippocratics, ritual and magical medicine was slowly suppressed. It was ridiculed as superstitious and ultimately driven underground. Only certain areas of magical medicine were maintained in the healing cult of Asclepius and were officially accepted into late antiquity (Krug, 1993; cf. Meyer and Mirecki, 1995).
Witchcraft medicine is the healing art of the underground. It is the forbidden and despised medicine, the one oppressed by the church and/or state, the kind of medicine sanctioned as �alternative.� For it makes decisions over life and death. And it does more than make people healthy�it brings joy and awareness, inebriation and mystical insight.
Witchcraft medicine is wild medicine. It is uncontrollable, it surpasses the ruling order, it is anarchy. It belongs to the wilderness. It scares people. It is one thing above all: heathen.
Witchcraft medicine stems from shamanism and has its roots in Paleolithic times. Witchcraft medicine is mythological, ritualistic, and strongly feminine. Witchcraft medicine is religion�a shamanic healing religion revolving around sacred, in other words, effective, plants:


Cults, in which the medicinally effective plants and sacred beverages play a role, have always been viewed suspiciously, at first by representatives of the Christian faith, later also by Western medicine. The witches, the last wise women of European culture, fell victim to the Inquisition. In Siberia in the nineteen-thirties and forties shamans were prosecuted as counter-revolutionaries. Today shaman are also denigrated and ridiculed. So there was in the year 1900 that the Protestant church of the Indonesian island Siberut which lies east of Sumatra, released a decree forbidding the activities of the medicine men as heathen and blasphemous (Plotkin, 1994: 187).
The most important domains of witchcraft medicine include knowledge about the preparation and use of the pharmakon as
� aphrodisiacs (philters, Virus amatorius) and anaphrodisiacs
� birth control and abortifacients (abortativa)
� poison/medicine (pharmakon)
� inebriants or �traveling herbs� (psychoactive substances)
� life-extending and rejuvenating elixirs


Thus witchcraft medicine was used to increase happiness, for birth control, to heal, to damn, for visionary knowledge, and for life extension. This is why magic was originally called pharmakeia (Luck, 1990: 58).
A typical characteristic of witches� herbs is their ambivalence�to some they cause damage and disease, to others they offer health and protection. Often they ease the problems they have caused, and they are intoxicating or induce trances. They are true pharmaka�in the ancient meaning of the multidimensional word. For these herbs the wisdom of Paracelsus�that it is only the dosage which determines whether or not something is medicine or poison�holds true. And with witches� herbs it is extremely important to determine the correct dosage. It is well known that in antiquity the witches� clients were often poisoned or were made �crazy� by the love potions (amatoria, remedium amoris), which commonly contained the active pharmaka of nightshade, henbane, or hemlock. But because the users did not heed the maker�s instructions out of pure greed, they overdosed. For this reason such substances had already been forbidden by Roman times (Graupner, 1966: 26).
The person who, even if it is done without bad intention, provides abortions or love potions, because doing so sets a bad example, will be sentenced to the following punishments: People of lower classes shall be sent to forced labor in the mines, members of higher classes are to be exiled on an island after the seizure of a portion of their possessions. If a man or a woman dies because of the treatment, the death penalty will be implemented� (Codex lustinianus, Dig. 48, 8; 3, 2/3).

Last month, Llewellyn author, Raven Grimassi, posted an eloquently-worded call for Pagans, Witches and Wiccans of all stripes to participate in a synchronized ritual this October to restore "the freedom and the courage that has long been the hallmark of this [American] Nation." He uses stirring language about the non-conformist spirit of pagans, a collective spirit that could be harnessed to undermine those who would make us sheep in our own land. I read on, interested in what he would ultimately propose, how he would suggest we take the historic concept of the Needfire and make it fit our modern, American needs. I guess I should have seen it coming. Actually, I guessed where he might go with the ritual/spell itself, but I was trying to be optimistic.

Nigella: "This recipe is from How to Eat, with some rejigging (just because it's not in my nature to leave completely alone) and I don't apologise for reproducing, or rather recasting, it because I simply cannot urge you to try this strongly enough. The first time I made it, it was, to be frank, really just out of amused interest. I'd heard, and read, about this culinary tradition from the deep South, but wasn't expecting it, in all honesty, to be (in all honesty) good. The truth is it's magnificent, and makes converts of anyone who eats it. But, if you think about it, it's not surprising it should work: the sweet, spiky drink just infuses it with spirit of barbecue. I have to force myself to cook ham any other way now; though often I don't bothering with the glaze but just leave it for longer in the bubbling Coke instead."

Related to the corno is the mano cornuta or "horned hand." This is an Italian hand-gesture (or an amulet imitative of the gesture) that can be used to indicate that a man has been cuckholded ("wears the horns") and also to ward off the evil eye. Mano means "hand" and corno means "horn."